你所在的位置：1.4國外(wai)用電信息采(cai)集(ji)系統經歷了怎樣的發展過程？
答(da)：2001年，意(yi)大利的(de)電力公司改造(zao)和安裝3000萬臺智能電能表，建(jian)立起智能化的(de)計量網絡。
2006 年，歐(ou)盟理(li)事會發布了能(neng)源綠(lv)皮(pi)書《歐(ou)洲可持續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)、競爭的(de)(de)(de)和(he)安全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)策略》，提出(chu)智能(neng)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)服務方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)目標，同(tong)年，美(mei)國能(neng)源部啟動“電(dian)(dian)網智能(neng)化”工程：一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)是讓客(ke)戶(hu)自(zi)主設(she)定電(dian)(dian)器設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)功率和(he)時間，從(cong)而節省電(dian)(dian)費(fei)，舒適卻(que)不浪(lang)費(fei)。另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)是監控地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)情況，實現用(yong)電(dian)(dian)自(zi)動化。
2008年，法(fa)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公司擬定將(jiang)法(fa)國(guo)目前(qian)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的2007萬智(zhi)(zhi)普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)表全(quan)部(bu)更新為(wei)“智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表”，使(shi)客戶能(neng)(neng)自動(dong)跟蹤自己用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況，并能(neng)(neng)進行遠程(cheng)控制(zhi)。法(fa)國(guo)超過1000萬客戶可以(yi)通(tong)過網站、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話、專門(men)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子接(jie)受裝置，獲(huo)得最大關鍵峰(feng)荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價信(xin)息，調整(zheng)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式。同年，木(mu)偶科羅(luo)拉多(duo)州的波爾得市宣(xuan)布(bu)成為(wei)全(quan)美第一個(ge)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網城市，通(tong)過為(wei)全(quan)部(bu)家庭安裝智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表，客戶可以(yi)獲(huo)得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價信(xin)息調整(zheng)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間，并可以(yi)優先使(shi)用(yong)(yong)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)等清潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站則可以(yi)采集(ji)到每戶的用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)息，并且在問題發生時重新配備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力。截止2008底，全(quan)美有2個(ge)州進行了智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)表的試點(dian)和(he)安裝。
2009年，美國(guo)發(fa)布《復蘇計劃尺度報告(gao)》，智能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網是其中的主要(yao)組成(cheng)(cheng)部分，包括為(wei)4000萬美國(guo)交通(tong)(tong)智能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)表(biao)(biao)，實現(xian)遠程(cheng)管理(li)及(ji)讀表(biao)(biao)等功能(neng)(neng)，地中海島國(guo)馬耳他公布了(le)和IBM達成(cheng)(cheng)經理(li)一“智能(neng)(neng)公用系統”的協議，計劃把馬耳他2萬只普(pu)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)表(biao)(biao)替換成(cheng)(cheng)互(hu)動式電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)表(biao)(biao)，實現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠能(neng)(neng)實時監控(kong)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)，并制(zhi)定(ding)不同的電(dian)(dian)(dian)價來(lai)獎勵節約用電(dian)(dian)(dian)的客(ke)(ke)戶。根據英國(guo)政府披(pi)露的計劃，到2020年，每個英國(guo)家(jia)庭必須安裝“智能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)表(biao)(biao)”，實現(xian)遠程(cheng)抄表(biao)(biao)和對(dui)設備用電(dian)(dian)(dian)的動態控(kong)制(zhi)，以及(ji)將客(ke)(ke)戶利用風(feng)力和太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)所發(fa)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)“賣(mai)”給電(dian)(dian)(dian)網，以降(jiang)低能(neng)(neng)源耗用量。
1.5我國(guo)用電信(xin)息采集系統經歷了怎樣的發展過(guo)程？
答：我國的用電(dian)信(xin)息采(cai)集(ji)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統經歷(li)了(le)電(dian)力負(fu)(fu)荷(he)管(guan)(guan)理(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統，遠程集(ji)中抄(chao)表系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統，電(dian)能(neng)信(xin)息采(cai)集(ji)與管(guan)(guan)理(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統、用電(dian)信(xin)息采(cai)集(ji)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統等(deng)不同的發展(zhan)階段。最初的電(dian)力負(fu)(fu)荷(he)管(guan)(guan)理(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統通過(guo)采(cai)集(ji)大用戶的用電(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)信(xin)息，實現有序(xu)用電(dian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)功能(neng)。低壓集(ji)中抄(chao)表系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統定時(shi)或實時(shi)抄(chao)收采(cai)集(ji)器或直接采(cai)集(ji)電(dian)能(neng)表所(suo)存儲的電(dian)能(neng)信(xin)息數據(ju)，并上傳(chuan)給主站，實現用電(dian)信(xin)息的自動(dong)采(cai)集(ji)。
從(cong)20世紀(ji)90年代(dai)至今，我國電(dian)力(li)公(gong)司根據業務發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)需要，已建立了針對不同(tong)類(lei)型的(de)用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)電(dian)能信(xin)息采(cai)集(ji)系(xi)(xi)統，主要包括(kuo)關口電(dian)能量(liang)采(cai)集(ji)系(xi)(xi)統，電(dian)力(li)負(fu)荷(he)管理系(xi)(xi)統，客戶(hu)電(dian)能量(liang)采(cai)集(ji)系(xi)(xi)統、低壓(ya)集(ji)中器(qi)抄表系(xi)(xi)統和配電(dian)自動化系(xi)(xi)統。目前，用(yong)電(dian)信(xin)息采(cai)集(ji)系(xi)(xi)統可以采(cai)集(ji)關口、配電(dian)變壓(ya)器(qi)和各類(lei)用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)的(de)用(yong)電(dian)信(xin)息，實現數據采(cai)集(ji)、管理、監測(ce)、控制、綜合應用(yong)等多種(zhong)功能。
用電信(xin)息(xi)采(cai)集(ji)(ji)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)建(jian)設是(shi)一(yi)項復雜的系(xi)統(tong)(tong)工程，2008年(nian)以前(qian)，用電信(xin)息(xi)采(cai)集(ji)(ji)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)仍是(shi)各網省(sheng)、地(di)市公司自行建(jian)設，缺乏統(tong)(tong)一(yi)的規劃和標準(zhun)，且受系(xi)統(tong)(tong)規劃、運行管理及資(zi)金(jin)投入各方面(mian)因素(su)的制約，現(xian)有這些系(xi)統(tong)(tong)只是(shi)實現(xian)了(le)對部分用戶的電能采(cai)集(ji)(ji)和數據的初(chu)步(bu)應(ying)(ying)用，營銷人員無法(fa)及時、準(zhun)確、全面(mian)的掌(zhang)握關(guan)口、售電側的電能信(xin)息(xi)，不你那個滿足當(dang)前(qian)營銷業務(wu)應(ying)(ying)用的需(xu)(xu)要，現(xian)實需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)和數據供給能力(li)還存在巨(ju)大的差(cha)距，因此，國內開(kai)始建(jian)設涵蓋所有電力(li)用戶的用電信(xin)息(xi)采(cai)集(ji)(ji)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。
為(wei)(wei)適應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場化(hua)運(yun)作和營銷現(xian)代化(hua)建設(she)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，需要(yao)全(quan)面(mian)(mian)建設(she)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)采(cai)集(ji)系(xi)統(tong)，提升企業(ye)(ye)集(ji)約化(hua)、精益化(hua)和標(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)的(de)管理水平，改變長期以來不能(neng)(neng)及時(shi)準(zhun)確掌握電(dian)(dian)(dian)力用戶信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)的(de)局面(mian)(mian)，滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)力企業(ye)(ye)各(ge)層面(mian)(mian)、各(ge)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)隊用電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)的(de)迫切需求(qiu)。2008年(nian)9月，國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司(si)啟(qi)動了(le)計量、抄表(biao)、收費(fei)標(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)建設(she)項目研究工(gong)作，在(zai)公司(si)系(xi)統(tong)范圍內，統(tong)一了(le)智能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)和用電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)采(cai)集(ji)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)規范，對智能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)表(biao)和用電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)采(cai)集(ji)終(zhong)端的(de)外形結構、功能(neng)(neng)配置、可靠性(xing)要(yao)求(qiu)、通訊協議、信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)交換安全(quan)認(ren)證、驗收檢驗等負面(mian)(mian)都提出了(le)階梯要(yao)求(qiu)，形成了(le)智能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)的(de)12項技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)和用電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)采(cai)集(ji)終(zhong)端的(de)24項技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)，為(wei)(wei)產品(pin)的(de)設(she)計開發、生產制造和規模化(hua)應(ying)用提供(gong)了(le)系(xi)統(tong)性(xing)的(de)基礎技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)文件，為(wei)(wei)智能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)工(gong)作和穩步推進和用電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)系(xi)統(tong)提供(gong)支持和保障。
2009年(nian)以(yi)來，國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司(si)(si)以(yi)全(quan)覆(fu)蓋、全(quan)采集(ji)、全(quan)費控(kong)為建(jian)設目標(biao)，按照統(tong)(tong)一規劃(hua)、統(tong)(tong)一標(biao)準、統(tong)(tong)一實(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)原則推(tui)動智能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)表的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)和用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)息采集(ji)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)建(jian)設。截(jie)止2013年(nian)底6月，已累計安(an)裝智能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表，1.73億只，用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)息采集(ji)覆(fu)蓋1.73億戶。目前，國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司(si)(si)系統(tong)(tong)27個省公司(si)(si)的(de)(de)采集(ji)系統(tong)(tong)主(zhu)站已全(quan)部完成并投(tou)入運(yun)行，采集(ji)數據(ju)在抄表收(shou)費、營(ying)業(ye)稽查、線(xian)損分析、業(ye)擴(kuo)報(bao)裝、故障搶修、有(you)(you)序用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、互動服務(wu)(wu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)交易、配(pei)網(wang)運(yun)行與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表質量監測等多(duo)項(xiang)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)中得到應用(yong)(yong)(yong)。我國(guo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)息采集(ji)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)建(jian)設和應用(yong)(yong)(yong)提(ti)高(gao)了用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)息采集(ji)自(zi)動化(hua)水平，提(ti)高(gao)了線(xian)損分析的(de)(de)準確性和時效(xiao)性，對(dui)于提(ti)升客(ke)戶的(de)(de)服務(wu)(wu)能(neng)力(li)、滿足客(ke)戶多(duo)元(yuan)化(hua)的(de)(de)需求、制定有(you)(you)序用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方案、保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全(quan)穩定運(yun)行具有(you)(you)重(zhong)要意義。